How to Take Amazing Photos in Art Museums Without Getting Kicked Out. One of the best things about visiting art museums is being able to see work that touches and inspires you, and it makes sense that you might want to snap a photo. But, many museums have rules restricting photography, and the last thing you want to do is be kicked out or damage artwork for the sake of a photo. When I was 1. 6, my French class was fortunate enough to visit France. We immediately went to theRead more Read Follow the Museums Rules. Art museums are all about sharing their wonderful collections with the public, but that doesnt mean visitors should go against the museums rules. Its actually a benefit to museums to allow you to take photos of their art, especially if you end up sharing your snaps on social media, essentially doing free word of mouth marketing for the museum. So if a museum restricts camera use, they probably have decent reasons. Some examples of why a museum may not allow photos, certain settings like flash, or restrict photography to certain collections Protecting delicate work While there is still some debate about whether flash damages sensitive art and other historic materials, some museums may err on the side of caution be not allowing flash to be used. Creating a better experience for all visitors Someones flash going off every few seconds while youre trying to take in a painting or other work of art is annoying, and creates a poor visitor experience. A museum might restrict flash photography and tripod use to avoid people tripping in order to make everyones visit more enjoyable. Windows 7 SP1 ISO with Product Keys Full Version Free Download including offline installer for your laptop or pc. Windows 7 sp1 iso has a large file size so. Download KMSpico v10. 2. 0 Activator Office and Windows LATESTlt. Download all popular crack from most recommended website crackserials. com. Enjoy Working with headphones on usually means youd rather not be bothered, but sometimes it means youre just listening to something while you work. If you want to be. They dont have copyright As The New York Times points out, copyright laws can be tricky, and photos of artwork can be viewed as a reproduction of the work. Art. News mentions a museum may not hold copyright to every piece of work displayed, especially if the collection is being lent from another institution. Lowers insurance risk Some people will go to extreme lengths to get the perfect shot, which could result in injury or damage to the art or the museums property. By not allowing photos to be taken, museums remove the motivation for such risky behavior. Encourages merchandise purchases If you cant take your own photo to print and hang at home, you may be more likely to buy a poster or other merchandise to remember your favorite piece of art from your visit. If youre taking the photos for a project, Ben Guest, a freelance professional photographer with extensive experience shooting fine art objects, suggests asking the museum if theyll make an exception for your project. You can try reaching out ahead of time or asking day of, which is more of a risk but works if youre unable to find contact info on the museums site or Facebook and Twitter. This week, the Metropolitan Museum of Art put 4. Read more Read. Respect Other Visitors. You already know that youre probably not the only person in the museum, so be mindful of other visitors when trying to take a photo. If theres a big crowd looking at a piece of art at the same time as you, or youre trying to snap a shot of a popular piece, be patient. Stand back and wait for the crowd to move on, using this time to consider how you want to set up your shot. Hanging out at a museum is a great way to spend an afternoon. It can also be a frugal way to spendRead more Read. Be considerate when using flash, a tripod, or a camera that is relatively loud so that you limit how much you disturb other peoples ability to soak up the art. You also want to keep in mind how much space youre taking up, especially if you have equipment like a tripod or a large camera bag. Even though youre in a public space, some people may be uncomfortable with being included accidentally or not in your photo, so try to leave people out of your shot if you can. Lastly, be prepared to quietly speak up if you bump into someone, move in on their personal space, or want to ask them to move in order to get your photo. A couple example phrases you can try out Pardon me, I didnt mean to bump into you. Hi, sorry to disturb you. Do you mind moving a couple steps that way so I can grab a photo quicklyExcuse me, I love this painting and want to take a quick photo. Do you mind if I stand next to youSo sorry to interrupt, I want to take a quick photo but dont want to accidentally include you in the shot. Do you mind stepping over there for a secondOf course, you can also come up with your own to match the situation and your own style. If the person is understanding and complies with your request, be sure to thank them warmly before moving on. Take Your Time. If your goal is to snap some great photos, schedule your visit so you have plenty of time to find pieces you like. You also want enough time to consider different angles and find the ones that strike your fancy. Guest explains how to do this Spend time looking at a 3 dimensional piece ie not flat art from various possible angles first particularly if its a sculpture. Busts and sculptures of figures human or animal often have a good side just like humans do. They might also have more than one good side. Try to shoot from eye level e. With abstract sculptures look at the object from all possible angles inc low and high and find what you like about the shapes you see. If its placed in an interesting space possibly think about how you might also incorporate that. For paintings and other art that hangs flat on the wall, Guest recommends a different approach When shooting wall mounted flat artwork e. The same goes for anything behind glass perspex. Dont use flash if its not allowed. If not using flash most modern digital SLRs will have higher ISO settings for low light. Adjust the ISO settings upward until you get a reasonable exposure. If your camera has a white balance option use it to get a more nuetral colour temp balance particularly in mixed light settings. If you dont want to use higher ISO settings on a digital SLR and tripods are allowed do a longer time exposure on a tripod instead again you will also need a cable release or use a self portrait setting for a time delay before the shutter fires to settle the camera. For adventurous or experience amateur photographers, Guest suggests trying out a a room or gallery wide time exposure to capture both the artwork and the feel of being in the museum. Even if you plan your trip to avoid your destinations busy season, there are just some sites thatRead more Read. If youre planning to take a lot of photos, or want to set up your shots with less risk of having to keep out of other visitors way, plan to go during non peak hours for the museum. You might be able to look these up on google or ask the museum ahead of time, or you can generally aim for right when they open, the lunchtime lull, or close to closing time. Tnsberg Lyd Lys Utleie av lyd, lys og scener. SALGHar du en bedrift, restaurant eller utested, og skal kjpe inn lyd og lys utstyr for fast installasjon Hr med oss, vi er forhandler av professjonelt utstyr innen lyd og lys. LANGTIDSLEIE FAST INSTALLASJONnsker du leie lyd og lys for lengre perioder Hr med oss om langtidsleie, s finner vi gode lsnigner p det. PLANLEGGING AV ARRANGEMENTPlanlegging av arrangement og events er viktig. Derfor tilbyr vi 3d visualisering av rig. Det er en viktig deg av et godt planlagt arrangement.
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The software development of CheckMK is organized in so called Werks.A Werk is any change or bug fix that has influence on the users experiance.Cold and inclement weather can ruin your day if youre caught unprepared.No one likes dealing with sporadic showers without an umbrella, or cold weather without a.Apache Karaf Container 4.Documentation. 4.Installation. Apache Karaf is a lightweight container, very easy to install and administrate, on both Unix and Windows platforms.Requirements. Hardware 5.MB of free disk space for the Apache Karaf binary distribution.Operating Systems Windows Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows 2.Windows Vista, Windows XP SP2, Windows 2.Unix Red. Hat Enterprise Linux, Debian, Su.SEOpen. Su. SE, Cent.OS, Fedora, Ubuntu, Mac.OS, AIX, HP UX, Solaris, any Unix platform that supports Java.Environment 4. 1.Using Apache Karaf binary distributions.Apache Karaf is available in two distributions, both as a tar.The default distribution is a ready to use distribution, with pre installed features.The minimal distribution is like the minimal distributions that you can find for most of Unix distributions.Only the core layer is packaged, most of the features and bundles are downloaded from Internet at bootstrap.It means that Apache Karaf minimal distribution requires an Internet connection to start correctly.The features provided by the minimal distribution are exactly the same as in the default distribution, the difference.Internet. Installation on Windows platform.Note. The JAVAHOME environment variable has to be correctly defined.Important Notes. Cisco ASA Clientless SSL VPN Portal Customization Integrity VulnerabilityMultiple vulnerabilities have been fixed for clientless SSL VPN in ASA.InformationWeek. com News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peertopeer knowledge sharing.Engage with our community.To accomplish that, press Windows key and Break key together, switch to Advanced tab and click on Environment Variables.Note. Remember the restrictions concerning illegal characters in Java paths, e.Note. In case you have to install Karaf into a very deep path or a path containing illegal characters for Java paths, e.S C your very problematic pathKARAFso your Karaf root directory is S which works for sure and is short to type.Installation on Unix platforms.Note. The JAVAHOME environment variable has to be correctly defined.Check the current value using.If its not correct, fix it using From a browser, navigate to http karaf.Download Apache Karaf binary distribution in the tar.Extract the files from the tar.KARAFHOME. For example gunzip apache karaf 4.Note. Remember the restrictions concerning illegal characters in Java paths, e.Post Installation steps.Thought it is not always required, it is strongly advised to set up the JAVAHOME environment property to point to the JDK you want Apache Karaf to use before starting it.This property is used to locate the java executable and should be configured to point to the home directory of the Java SE 7 installation.By default, all Apache Karaf files are gather in one directory the KARAFHOME.You can define your own directory layout, by using some Karaf environment variables KARAFDATA is the location of the data folder, where Karaf stores temporary files.I-8ydQxFcDGGsI41bj5XSJOc=/400x0/safe-mode-windows-10-56a6fad13df78cf772913f9e.png' alt='Windows Vista Freezes Configuring Updates Loop' title='Windows Vista Freezes Configuring Updates Loop' />KARAFETC is the location of the etc folder, where Karaf stores configuration files.KARAFBASE is the Karaf base folder.By default KARAFBASE is the same as KARAFHOME.Building from Sources.If you intend to build Apache Karaf from the sources, the requirements are a bit different Hardware 5.MB of free disk space for the Apache Karaf source distributions or SVN checkout, the Maven build and the dependencies Maven downloads.Environment Building on Windows platform.You can get the Apache Karaf sources from git clone https git wip us.Use Apache Maven to build Apache Karaf Note.You can speed up the build by bypassing the unit tests mvn clean install Dskip.Tests. Now, you can find the built binary distribution in assembliesapache karaftargetapache karaf 4.Building on Unix platforms.You can get the Apache Karaf sources from git clone https git wip us.Use Apache Maven to build Apache Karaf Note.You can speed up the build by bypassing the unit tests mvn clean install Dskip.Tests. Now, you can find the built binary distribution in assembliesapache karaftargetapache karaf 4.Directory structure.The directory layout of a Karaf installation is as follows bin control scripts to start, stop, login, demos contains some simple Karaf samplesetc configuration filesdata working directorydatacache OSGi framework bundle cachedatagenerated bundles temporary folder used by the deployersdatalog log filesdeploy hot deploy directoryinstances directory containing instancesinstanceslib contains librarieslibboot contains the syste libraries used at Karaf bootstraplibendorsed directory for endorsed librarieslibext directory for JRE extensionssystem OSGi bundles repository, laid out as a Maven 2 repository.Note. The data folder contains all the working and temporary files for Karaf.If you want to restart from a clean state, you can wipe out this directory, which has the same effect as.Karaf start. 4. 3.Start, stop, restart, connect.Start. Apache Karaf supports different start mode the regular mode starts Apache Karaf in foreground, including the shell console.Apache Karaf in foreground, without the shell console.Apache Karaf in background.You can also manage Apache Karaf as a system service see System Service section.Regular mode. The regular mode uses the binkaraf Unix script binkaraf.Windows. Its the default start process.It starts Apache Karaf as a foreground process, and displays the shell console.On Unix binkaraf.Apache Karaf 4. 0.Hit lt tab for a list of available commands.Hit lt ctrl d or type system shutdown or logout to shutdown Karaf.On Windows binkaraf.Apache Karaf 4. 0.Hit lt tab for a list of available commands.Hit lt ctrl d or type system shutdown or logout to shutdown Karaf.Note. Closing the console or shell window will cause Apache Karaf to terminate.Server mode. The server mode starts Apache Karaf as a foreground process, but it doesnt start the shell console.To use this mode, you use the server argument to the binkaraf Unix script binkaraf.Windows. On Unix On Windows Note.Closing the console or shell window will cause Apache Karaf to terminate.You can connect to the shell console using SSH or client see the Connect section in this page.Background mode. The background mode starts Apache Karaf as a background process.To start in background mode, you have to use binstart Unix script binstart.Windows. On Unix On Windows You can connect to the shell console using SSH or client see the Connect section in this page.Clean start. Apache Karaf stores all previously applications installed and changes that you did in the data folder.If you want to start from a clean state, you can remove the data folder.For convenience, you can use the clean argument to the binkaraf Unix script binkaraf.Windows. On Unix On Windows Customize variables.Apache Karaf accepts environment variables JAVAMINMEM minimum memory for the JVM default is 1.M. JAVAMAXMEM maximum memory for the JVM default is 5.M. JAVAPERMMEM minimum perm memory for the JVM default is JVM default value.JAVAMAXPERMMEM maximum perm memory for the JVM default is JVM default value.KARAFHOME the location of your Apache Karaf installation default is found depending where you launch the startup script.KARAFBASE the location of your Apache Karaf base default is KARAFHOME.KARAFDATA the location of your Apache Karaf data folder default is KARAFBASEdata.KARAFETC the location of your Apache Karaf etc folder default is KARAFBASEetc.KARAFOPTS extra arguments passed to the Java command line default is null.KARAFDEBUG if true, enable the debug mode default is null.If debug mode is enabled, Karaf starts a JDWP socket on port 5.You can plug your IDE to define breakpoints, and run step by step.You can define these environment variables in binsetenv Unix script binsetenv.Windows. For instance, to set the minimum and maximum memory size for the JVM, you can define the following values On Unix Content of binsetenv.JAVAMINMEM2. 56. M.JAVAMAXMEM1. MOn Windows rem Content of binsetenv.JAVAMINMEM2. 56. M.JAVAMAXMEM1. MConnect.Even if you start Apache Karaf without the console using server or background modes, you can connect to the console.This connection can be local or remote.It means that you can access to Karaf console remotely.To connect to the console, you can use the binclient Unix script binclient. C Windows Forms Close Form In Access there. Windows. On Unix binclient.Logging in as karaf.WARN org. apache.Accept. All. Server.Key. Verifier Server at 0.Apache Karaf 4. 0.Hit lt tab for a list of available commands. Sites/default/dwab50d519/images/AbuGarcia/slot/2016-09-09-ABU-N3-combos.jpg' alt='Abu Garcia Limited Edition Real Steel' title='Abu Garcia Limited Edition Real Steel' />SpiderMan real name Peter Benjamin Parker is a fictional superhero from Marvel Comics.Easy finder oman 2. Bank Of America Hacked August 2012 Pink . 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having taken what would become Mexico City from its original Culhuacan owners, with lots of grisly details.Yet for 3. 8 years Neil Young has been reminding adoring audiences about Cortez the Killer, discreetly omitting Tlacaelel the killer and the killer people whom Cortez killed.Hitlers Willing Executioners Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust 1.Daniel Goldhagen presenting the thesis that the German nation as such was composed of willing executioners of the Jews because of a unique eliminationist antisemitism in the German people, with long historical roots.However, even that great moral abyss of Western civilization the Holocausts stands out more in its industrialized and organizational features than it does either in the quality of its hatefulness or its relative or even absolute volumes.The Cool Starship trope as used in popular culture.The cool ship can be a spaceship that other characters consider a piece of junk.In fact, you get extra. 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And Holocausts they were, for in addition to the nearly 6 million Jews, the Germans also murdered over 2.Slavs, and thats counting Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Czechoslovakia alone.In absolute numbers, the total number of World War II non German civilian victims of Nazi Germany is smaller than the 5.Bolsheviks in Russia, or Maos 7.China, or the Mughal Muslim genocide of Hindus the latter have their own Holocaust Day on August 1.In relative numbers, in just one year, 1.Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, killed off a total of one million, in a population of 7 million.Tutsi population was erased.Is it more humane to go by a stroke of a blunt machete than by a whiff of Zyklon B The Khmer Rouge murdered at least 2 million Cambodians between 1.Is it more humane to die by wallops from a Cambodian pickaxe handle than by a bullet from a German MauserInscription on the back in German Ukraine 1.Jewish Aktion, Ivangorod.There is a special horror attached to the Third Reich, because those were 2.Europeans, Christians, and in many ways the smartest, most civilized people on Earth.But the Holocausts do not prove that Whites are worse than other people, just that they are no better.The history of the Third Reich also proves that with the right formula of economic blowup, misery and humiliation, sparked by charismatic evil, no people are immune to such horror, at no time. Download Update. Star Update. Star. Download the. free trial version below to get started. Double click the downloaded file. Update. Star is compatible with Windows platforms. Update. Star has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with. Windows 1. 0, 8. 1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2. Windows. XP, 3. 2 bit and 6. Simply double click the downloaded file to install it. Update. Star Free and Update. Star Premium come with the same installer. Update. Star includes support for many languages such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and many more. You can choose your language settings from within the program. Page. Insider has a new homeA 36yearold Chinese national was arrested in Los Angeles this week in connection with a computer hacking conspiracy involving malware linked to the 2014 US Office. Hard disk installation, bugs, word processing macros, and miscellaneous matters.Hard disk installation.Contents.Disclaimer.This Xy.WWWeb page is emphatically unaffiliated with Oxford University Press OUP, the owner and publisher of The Oxford English Dictionary OED, The Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on Compact Disc, and other products and their associated trademarks.Be SURE to read your OUP licence carefully before implementing any technique described on this web page.Create A Bootable Windows XP Installation CD Slipstreamed with SP1.Information on creating a Bootable XP CD Slipstreamed with SP2 is located here.Under no circumstance do I advise or encourage you to do anything that violates any terms of the licences that you received with your OUP products.The OED is a scholarly monument sui generis, with perhaps no peer in the English or any other language, and we honor the great lexicographers who created it by not abusing their work or OUPs copyright.This webpage is exclusively concerned with enabling hard disk usage by legitimate owners of the OED, and resolving specific software bugs.If youre looking for bootleg files, you wont find them here.Procedures described on this page are, or may seem, complex and technical.The discussion assumes that you understand and are skilled in the use of DOS.Please dont Email me to ask about basic DOS terms procedures go instead to Google and do some research.Microsoft Virtual Cd Rom Control Panel Dvd Express' title='Microsoft Virtual Cd Rom Control Panel Dvd Express' />Struggle If you do not understand a discussion or procedure thoroughly, do not attempt to implement the proposal or solution THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER YOU ASSUME ALL RISKS.Those risks are real.The techniques, concepts, and softwares offered on this page may not be accurately or adequately documented, they may not work with your setup or operating system, they may not be bug free or readily reversible, they may not be easy to use without excluding anything else that they may not be.You alone are responsible for the consequences of any actions you undertake.These are simply ideas thrown into the world for reflection and deliberation.If you know your skill level, then consider yourself warned if you dont know your skill level, then leave now.Latest trending topics being covered on ZDNet including Reviews, Tech Industry, Security, Hardware, Apple, and Windows.Information about Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7 and 8 including tweaks, slipstreaming, install, registry, and forum for all Windows versions.Oxford English Dictionary OED on CDROM Harddisk installation, bugs, networking, word processing macros, and miscellaneous matters.I am neither affiliated with nor responsible for the content of any external web page or site hyperlinked here.The OED Second Edition OED2 is the currently marketed edition of the OED.The Third Edition is still years away.The retronymical First Edition OED1 comprised the basic First Edition dictionary 1.Supplement of 1.Supplement volumes 1.The Second Edition OED2, published in 1.First Edition material, and adds 5.Fireplace Installation Orange County Ny Tax on this page.Second Edition data CD adds the three Additions Series volumes 1.OED research negligible contributions, IMO.First Edition CD ROM was published by Oxford University Press OUP, International Computaprint Corp.Bowker, and Tri Star Publishing Fort Washington, Pennsylvania as The Oxford English Dictionary.Computer File the Original Oxford English Dictionary on Compact Disc in December 1.December 1.DOS only, marketed in the U.S.A. 2 CDs and a 5 inch floppy.Did not.ISBN 0. 94. 46. 74.Ive never seen it.Second Edition CD ROM versions.CD, 1 diskette lt the version primarily discussed here.Users Guide by Donna Lee Berg ISBN of Guide only 0.Spiral binding, comprehensive instructions and examples, 1.ISBN complete package Windows 0.Macintosh 0.Software Releases all v.PC and Mac, use the same dictionary data CD.PERMITTED.Buggy.Uses different fonts than later v.DDE interprocess.NOT enabled.Replace with v.Single user version of the OED for Windows.Windows v.PERMITTED. Windows Network Version of April 1.SETUP file.An OUP brochure described this versions features.N.B. The asterisk in v.OUPs idea.NOT ALLOWED. 1. 99.NOT ALLOWED. Auto Tune Efx Download Cracked Steam . Windows v.OUP. http global.Macintosh v.CDs lt hard disk installation normally NOT ALLOWED.CD to be in drive at all times.ISBN 0.Patch for Windows 2.XP Patch for Windows ME.I dont own this version not tested.CDs User Manual Booklet, 5.Software Releases.PERMITTED with 7.CD in drive.Full Version ISBN 0.Upgrade v.Version ISBN 0.PERMITTED with 7.Full European Version Release 1 2.October 2.ISBN 0.Full USA Version Release 1 January 2.ISBN 0.Upgrade Release 2 August 2.ISBN 0.According to OUPs vague announcement, v.Oxford English.Dictionary Second Edition on CD ROM version 3.OEDs ongoing.OED Second.Edition, published in 1.Oxford English Dictionary Addition.Series Volumes 1 3, published in 1.Bibliography.Second Edition, and other ancillary material.PERMITTED 7.ELIMINATED. v. 3.OUP Tech Support.Can you still swap 2.The primary purpose of v.Vista.PERMITTED. See Amazons description.Release date 2.May 2.Full Version WindowsMac U.K.U. S. ISBN 1. ISBN 1.VAT 2.MSRP 2.Amazon, 1.Learn. Aid. Upgrade U.S.Windows only available to registered users of Versions 2.ISBN 1.ISBN 1.MSRP. There are also Official Import Versions in Japan Full 4.Upgrade 1.Japanese, as well as a Japanese technical.Inter alia.Now available to Mac OS X v.PPC G4 or Intel Core Duo users.Flash base.Smoother and faster performance providing instantaneous search results.New word wheel which supports incremental letter by letter browsing.CD ROMDVD drive for installation runs from hard drive only.Note that you must pay full price for the Mac version the Upgrade is.Windows only, and you can no longer upgrade from Version 1 Third Edition circa 2.Vista We have surprisingly few Vista reports regarding OED v.My own installations of v.Vista Ultimate and Home Premium boxes run snappily, both with and sometimes without OEDXP.EXE.Another user successfully runs v.Vista Business edition, with Administrator privileges in Windows XP Compatibility mode, and launched by v.OEDXP.EXE his attempts to launch the OED with the normal OED.EXE executable, or to launch outside XP Compatibility mode, both failed with classic 0.E8.BA crashes GPFs.Another Vista Business user followed these guidelines, but still GPFed because he didnt have a printer installed.After installing the Generic Text driver, OED v.Pressings of OED v.Vista, and with 6.Win.XP, if a software patch is downloaded from an OUP website, un.ZIPped, and applied before a fresh installation of OED v.We have confirmation from both OUP and several users that the patch may also be applied in Windows 2.Win.XP and perhaps in earlier Windows operating systems as well.Moreover,this patch eliminates the 7.For details, see Version 3.Windows 7.No reports yet for OED v.C Dilla apparently will not install on 6.OUPs indefatigable customer support to the rescue The OED v.Windows 7 and as this version of the OED was discontinued five years ago now, no further development work will be carried out.Version 3. 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This post takes a look at some free PDF Reader software for Windows 1087 computers. Find Lessons Teaching Civics. The film Secrecy explores the tensions between our safety as a nation, and our ability to function as a democracy. The Teachers Guide was produced by the Choices for the 2. Century Program of the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University. Though the lessons in this guide are designed for use with selected excerpts from the film, they may be used independently as well. Lesson 1 Secrecy, Freedom of the Press, and National Security. Lessons for civics, government, and lawrelated education in elementary, middle, and high school classrooms. Includes simulations, discussions, mock trials, case. Online Library of Liberty. A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc. Students consider the historical tensions between secrecy and a free press. Lesson 2 State SecretsFrom Reynolds to Hamdan. Students consider the state secrets privilege in relation to three key court cases. Lesson 3 Secrecy in a Post 91. World. Students wrestle with questions of secrecy and disclosure after 91. Lesson 4 Redacting Documents. Students consider the trade offs between the classification of information and freedom of information. Even if you dont live in New York, youve surely heard us complaining by now about the dramatic downward spiral of the nations largest mass transit system. Anabolic steroid Wikipedia. This article is about androgens as medications. For androgens as natural hormones, see Androgen. Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolicandrogenic steroids AAS,1 are steroidalandrogens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone. They are anabolic and increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles, and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects, including induction of the development and maintenance of masculinesecondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair. The word anabolic, referring to anabolism, comes from the Greek anabole, that which is thrown up, mound. They are one of three types of sex hormone agonists, the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone. AAS were synthesized in the 1. AIDS. The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS, in the presence of adequate diet, can contribute to increases in body weight, often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals. 2Health risks can be produced by long term use or excessive doses of AAS. 34 These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels increased low density lipoprotein and decreased high density lipoprotein, acne, high blood pressure, liver damage mainly with most oral AAS, and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart. 5 Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS. Ergogenic uses for AAS in sports, racing, and bodybuilding as performance enhancing drugs are controversial because of their adverse effects and the potential to gain unfair advantage in physical competitions. Their use is referred to as doping and banned by most major sporting bodies. For many years, AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC accredited laboratories. 67 In countries where AAS are controlled substances, there is often a black market in which smuggled, clandestinely manufactured or even counterfeit drugs are sold to users. Medicaledit. Various AAS and related compounds. Since the discovery and synthesis of testosterone in the 1. AAS have been used by physicians for many purposes, with varying degrees of success, including the following Bone marrow stimulation For decades, AAS were the mainstay of therapy for hypoplasticanemias due to leukemia or kidney failure, especially aplastic anemia. 8 AAS have largely been replaced in this setting by synthetic protein hormones such as epoetin alfa that selectively stimulate growth of blood cell precursors. Growth stimulation AAS can be used by pediatric endocrinologists to treat children with growth failure. 9 However, the availability of synthetic growth hormone, which has fewer side effects, makes this a secondary treatment. Stimulation of appetite and preservation and increase of muscle mass AAS have been given to people with chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS. 1. Hormone replacement for men with low levels of testosterone also effective in improving libido for elderly males. 1. Stimulation of lean body mass and prevention of bone loss in elderly men, as some studies indicate. 1. However, a 2. 00. Induction of male puberty Androgens are given to many boys distressed about extreme delay of puberty. Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose and has been shown to increase height, weight, and fat free mass in boys with delayed puberty. 2. Gender dysphoria, by producing secondary male characteristics, such as a deeper voice, increased bone and muscle mass, facial hair, and clitoral enlargement in transgender men,2. In low doses as a component of hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal and transgender women, for instance to increase energy, well being, libido, and quality of life, as well as to reduce hot flashes. 2. Testosterone is usually used for this purpose, although methyltestosterone is also used. 3. Treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. 3. Although they have previously been approved for this indication, AAS saw very little use for this purpose due to their virilizing side effects. 3. Treatment of breast cancer in women, although they are now rarely used for this purpose due to virilizing side effects. 3. Male contraception, in the form of testosterone enanthate potential for use in the near future as a safe, reliable, and reversible male contraceptive. 3. Enhancing performanceedit. Numerous vials of injectable AASMost steroid users are not athletes. 3. Between 1 million and 3 million people 1 of the population are thought to have misused AAS in the United States. 4. Studies in the United States have shown that AAS users tend to be mostly middle class heterosexual men with a median age of about 2. Among 1. 2 to 1. Blue Cross Blue Shield found. Eisenhauer Another study found that non medical use of AAS among college students was at or less than 1. 4. According to a recent survey, 7. AAS for non medical purposes, less than 1. 4. Another 2. 00. 7 study found that 7. AAS users had post secondary degrees and more had completed college and fewer had failed to complete high school than is expected from the general populace. 4. The same study found that individuals using AAS for non medical purposes had a higher employment rate and a higher household income than the general population. 4. AAS users tend to research the drugs they are taking more than other controlled substance users however, the major sources consulted by steroid users include friends, non medical handbooks, internet based forums, blogs, and fitness magazines, which can provide questionable or inaccurate information. 4. AAS users tend to be unhappy with the portrayal of AAS as deadly in the media and in politics. 4. According to one study, AAS users also distrust their physicians and in the sample 5. AAS use to their physicians. 4. Another 2. 00. 7 study had similar findings, showing that, while 6. AAS for non medical purposes were willing to seek medical supervision for their steroid use, 5. AAS use was lacking, and 9. AAS use. 4. 4 A recent study has also shown that long term AAS users were more likely to have symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and also showed stronger endorsement of more conventional male roles. 4. A recent study in the Journal of Health Psychology showed that many users believed that steroids used in moderation were safe. 4. AAS have been used by men and women in many different kinds of professional sports to attain a competitive edge or to assist in recovery from injury. These sports include bodybuilding, weightlifting, shot put and other track and field, cycling, baseball, wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, football, and cricket. Such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of most sports. AAS use occurs among adolescents, especially by those participating in competitive sports. It has been suggested that the prevalence of use among high school students in the U. S. may be as high as 2. Male students used AAS more frequently than female students and, on average, those that participated in sports used steroids more often than those that did not. Available formsedit. A vial of injectable testosterone cypionate. There are four common forms in which AAS are administered oral pills injectable steroids creamsgels for topical application and skin patches. Oral administration is the most convenient. Testosterone administered by mouth is rapidly absorbed, but it is largely converted to inactive metabolites, and only about one sixth is available in active form. In order to be sufficiently active when given by mouth, testosterone derivatives are alkylated at the 1. This modification reduces the livers ability to break down these compounds before they reach the systemic circulation. Testosterone can be administered parenterally, but it has more irregular prolonged absorption time and greater activity in muscle in enanthate, undecanoate, or cypionateester form. |
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